II. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. 1. Samuel started keeping a diary in 1997. Samuel has 2. We started learning English five years ago. We have. 3. I began living in Ho Chi Minh city when I was 8. I have.. 4. She has taught the children in this remote village for five months. She started 5. He hasnt written to me since April. The last time 6. She hasnt had a swim for five years. She last

`1` Samuel has kept a diary since `1997`.

`-` S + have/has + VpII + since + time.

`2` We have learned English for five years.

`-` S + have/has + VpII + for + time.

`3` I have lived in HCMC since I was `8`.

`-` S + have/has + VpII + since + S + V-ed/c2.

`4` She started teaching the children in this remote village five months ago.

`-` S + started + V-ing + time + ago. 

`5` The last time he wrote to me was in April.

`-` The last time + S + V-ed/c2 + was + time.

`6` She last swam five years ago.

`-` S + last + V-ed/c2 + time + ago.  

Các công thức đổi HTHT - QKĐ

Structure 1: 

S + has/have + not + V3/ed + for/since + time 

--> S + last + V2/ed 

--> The last time + S+ V2/ed + was + time 

--> It is / has been + time + since + S+ (last) + V2/ed 

Structure 2: 

How long + has/have + S+ V3/ed?

--> When + did + S + V1?

--> How long is it + since + S+ V2/ed ?

Structure 3:

S + has/have + V3/ed + for/since + time 

--> S + started / began + to V / Ving 

--> It is / has been + time + since + S+ V2/ed 

Structure 4: 

S + has/have + not/never + V3/ed + ... before

--> This/It is the first time + S+ has/have+ V3/ed

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1. Samuel has kept a diary since 1997.

2. We have learnt English for five years.

3. I have lived in Ho Chi Minh City since I was 8.

4. She started (to teach) / (teaching)  the children in this remote village five months ago.

5. The last time he wrote to me was in April.

6. She last swam five years ago.

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